{"id":1276,"date":"2018-10-25T11:04:53","date_gmt":"2018-10-25T10:04:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/science-engineering\/?p=1276"},"modified":"2023-06-21T09:26:53","modified_gmt":"2023-06-21T08:26:53","slug":"why-phantom-archaeopteryx-discovery-has-scientists-in-a-flap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/science-engineering\/2018\/10\/25\/why-phantom-archaeopteryx-discovery-has-scientists-in-a-flap\/","title":{"rendered":"Why \u2018Phantom\u2019 Archaeopteryx discovery has scientists in a flap"},"content":{"rendered":"

Since its discovery 150 years ago, scientists have heralded Archaeopteryx as the \u2018missing link\u2019 in the evolution of dinosaurs to modern birds. A transitional fossil, the species was commonly referred to as Urvogel \u2013 meaning \u201cfirst bird\u201d.<\/p>\n

But as is so often the case, once something reaches such lofty heights, it\u2019s human nature to want to knock it from its perch. And so it is that over the last few decades, debate has been rife within the scientific community over whether Archaeopteryx really was the first bird, or simply a smart dinosaur in a fancy feathered jacket.<\/p>\n

Now new research, conducted in part by scientists at The University of Manchester\u2019s School of Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/a>, on a fossil known as \u2018The Phantom\u2019 could help end the debate and determine once and for all whether Archaeopteryx is that illusive missing link.<\/p>\n

Early bird<\/h2>\n

The publication of On The Origin of Species <\/em>by Charles Darwin in 1859 caused a sensation. Although scientists had been theorising over human evolution for some time, Darwin\u2019s assertion that species evolved from one or more common ancestors through natural selection, by retaining certain attributes and losing others \u2013 \u2018the survival of the fittest\u2019 \u2013 was a game-changer. For one, it suggested that humans too evolved from an animal ancestor, rather than being a divine creation.<\/p>\n

Just a few years after the work\u2019s publication, a fossil was discovered that seemed to support the theory. The fossilised feather looked just like a modern plume \u2013 but it was millions of years old.<\/p>\n

Not long after, a skeleton was unearthed that appeared to have as much in common with the first dinosaur fossils (discovered less than 30 years earlier) as it did with modern birds. As a result, it seemed to prove Darwin\u2019s theories by providing a clear link between the time of the dinosaurs and the creatures inhabiting the Earth today.<\/p>\n

For a long time, Archaeopteryx was seen as the earliest example of birdlife, but as thinking changed and scientists began to regard present-day birds, rather than lizards, as the descendants of dinosaurs, the status of Archaeopteryx also changed. Rather than an early bird, it was regarded as the crucial common ancestor shared by both birds and dinosaurs.<\/p>\n

All this changed after a far more recent discovery. In the 1990s, fossils of feathered dinosaurs were unearthed in China. These dinosaurs would certainly have been unable to fly, but they did have feathers.<\/p>\n

This led some scientists to question the status given to Archaeopteryx. Perhaps it too was simply a feathered dinosaur?<\/p>\n

Is it a bird\u2026 is it a dinosaur?<\/h2>\n

\"Archaeopteryx<\/p>\n

Enter the scientists from The University of Manchester, Slovakia\u2019s University of Pavol Jozef \u0160af\u00e1rik and Sweden\u2019s Uppsala University. The team focused on one of just 11 surviving Archaeopteryx fossils, known as the Daiting Specimen after the area in Germany where it was discovered.<\/p>\n

The fossil is also referred to as \u2018The Phantom\u2019, because \u2013 with the exception of a quick glimpse \u2013 it was kept away from the inquisitive eyes of the scientific community until less than a decade ago, when its current owner purchased it and loaned it to the Bavarian State Collection of Paleontology and Geology in Munich. And the reason this specimen stands out from the crowd is that it is significantly younger than the other known Archaeopteryx fossils.<\/p>\n

Through 3D X-ray analyses (Synchrotron microtomography), the team looked for signs that the animal would have been able to fly. Previous studies have queried how competent a flyer Archaeopteryx would be, due to a pectoral girdle that would prevent it from flapping in the same way as modern birds. Some scientists argue that instead of flapping to take flight, the creature would climb trees or cliffs and then glide down, or that it would fly in a similar way to a pheasant \u2013 in very short bursts to escape predators.<\/p>\n

However, in their new research, published in Taylor & Francis Online<\/a>, the cross-university team has revealed that the fossil has several traits that conclusively suggest it is a close ancestor of modern birds, and not simply a dinosaur in disguise.<\/p>\n

Lead author Martin Kundr\u00e1t from the University of Pavol Jozef \u0160af\u00e1rik explains: \u201c[This] is one of the most important specimens of Archaeopteryx because it is around 400,000 years younger than any of the others found so far.\u201d To put that into perspective, the age difference between this fossil and the other older specimens is roughly double that of human existance. A LOT can change in that time!<\/p>\n

Kundr\u00e1t continues that the specimen had hollow air-filled bones, an increased area on its wishbone for the attachment of flight muscles and a reinforced configuration of bones in the wrist and hand. In addition, the specimen had fewer teeth than the older examples, and the bones in its skull were fused.<\/p>\n

Missing link<\/h2>\n
\"Dr
Dr John Nudds, Senior Lecturer in Palaeontology at The University of Manchester<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

So apparent are the differences between the Daiting Specimen and its predecessors, the team has declared it a new species. They have named it Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi after its owner Raimund Albersd\u00f6rfer.<\/p>\n

\u201cOur analysis has shown that Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi shares more features in common with modern birds than their dinosaurian ancestors,\u201d reveals Professor Per Ahlberg of Uppsala University in Sweden. Proof that Archaeopteryx was more than just a feathered dinosaur.<\/p>\n

Dr John Nudds, Senior Lecturer in Palaeontology at The University of Manchester, adds: \u201cWhenever a missing link is discovered, this merely creates two further missing links – what came before, and what came after! What came before was discovered in 1996 with the feathered dinosaurs in China. Our new species is what came after. It confirms Archaeopteryx as the first bird, and not just one of a number of feathered theropod dinosaurs, which some authors have suggested recently.<\/p>\n

“You could say that it puts Archaeopteryx back on its perch as the first bird,\u201d he concludes.<\/p>\n

You can read about another of our avian discoveries here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Words \u2013 <\/em>Hayley Cox<\/p>\n

Images \u2013 <\/em>The University of Manchester<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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