{"id":1518,"date":"2019-02-11T16:42:16","date_gmt":"2019-02-11T16:42:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/science-engineering\/?p=1518"},"modified":"2023-06-21T09:25:56","modified_gmt":"2023-06-21T08:25:56","slug":"dame-jocelyn-bell-burnell-our-science-superstar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/science-engineering\/2019\/02\/11\/dame-jocelyn-bell-burnell-our-science-superstar\/","title":{"rendered":"Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell – our science superstar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Today (11th<\/sup> February) is the United Nations\u2019 Day of Women and Girls in Science \u2013 a day to recognise the women making strides in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).<\/p>\n

It\u2019s also a day dedicated to recognising the very real gender gap that still exists in these fields, where women are significantly underrepresented.<\/p>\n

For example, did you know that since it was launched in 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to just 51 women? That\u2019s out of a total of 590 winners \u2013 meaning women make up just 8% of the overall prize winners.<\/p>\n

And it\u2019s not just at the very top where women are underrepresented in STEM. From the classroom to the lab, there\u2019s a shortfall of women in these disciplines. In fact, the Institute of Physics previously noted that only one in five students<\/a> who sits an A-level in physics is female.<\/p>\n

Yet some of the very brightest stars in physics are women \u2013 and Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell<\/a> is among the brightest.<\/p>\n

More than a blip<\/h2>\n
\"Dame
Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

It\u2019s 1967 and a group of physicists are tirelessly assessing miles of paper printouts from a chart recorder busy tracking the stars. Among them is Jocelyn Bell, who was attending New Hall College at Cambridge University to study towards her PhD in physics.<\/p>\n

While staring at the reams of paper, Dame Jocelyn noticed something \u2013 a bit of \u201cscruff\u201d on the paper. Going back over the paperwork, she realised that the pulse repeated itself. It was unusual and unexpected, and so the signal was nicknamed the \u201clittle Green Man\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was a very, very small signal,\u201d Dame Jocelyn told the Guardian<\/a> of her discovery, which was akin to finding a needle in a haystack \u2013 actually, it was more like finding a grain of rice in the Sahara Desert. Indeed, Bell noted that the signal \u201coccupied about one part in 100,000 of the three miles of chart data that I had”.<\/p>\n

Though it appeared as just a blip on the printout, what Dame Jocelyn, who is an honorary graduate of The University of Manchester, had discovered is one of the most spectacular phenomena in all the cosmos \u2013 the pulsar.<\/p>\n

Making waves<\/h2>\n

When a giant star dies, it rapidly collapses in on itself to form an incredibly dense but tiny body known as a neutron star<\/a>. As it collapses, the neutron star rotates rapidly \u2013 sometimes as fast as a few hundred times a second.<\/p>\n

Some of these neutron stars shoot out beams of electromagnetic radiation from their poles. Because these beams can only be seen from Earth when they are pointing in its direction, they appear to pulse \u2013 and so they were named accordingly.<\/p>\n

Pulsars are very helpful to astronomers as they can use them to gather information and even conduct experiments. Indeed, gravitational radiation was confirmed to exist after scientists witnessed the impact of gravitational waves on a pulsar\u2019s pulsing.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A prize omission<\/h2>\n

\"Pulsars\"<\/p>\n

There are few who would argue that Dame Jocelyn\u2019s discovery was one of the most important of our time \u2013 and it\u2019s little surprise that the work led to a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974. And yet Dame Jocelyn was not named on the award and received no official recognition for being the astronomer who made the discovery. This is in spite of the fact she waited some time to verify and share her observations, and then needed to argue successfully that the radio waves were coming from many lightyears away, and were not simply caused by interferences here on Earth.<\/p>\n

Despite the omission, Dame Jocelyn has never complained. However, she told the BBC<\/a>: “There certainly has been a notable lack of women Nobel Prize winners, except maybe in areas like literature where you know there are women.” She added: “I think in part that’s to do with the age profile of the women that there are in the subject at the moment. Nobel Prizes rarely go to young people; they more often go to established people and it’s at that level that there are fewer women in physics.”<\/p>\n

While she missed out on the Nobel Prize, Dame Jocelyn\u2019s career has not been short of accolades, such as the Breakthrough prize she picked up in 2018. Also last year, The University of Manchester named the lecture theatre in its new annex of the Schuster Building in her honour.<\/p>\n

Fear of failure<\/h2>\n

\"Pulsar\"<\/p>\n

There\u2019s certainly still work to be done to encourage more women to follow in Dame Jocelyn\u2019s footsteps. She was only 24 years old when she discovered pulsars, and yet the dropout of girls from STEM subjects occurs at age nine and ten<\/a>. A major reason for this is the tendency of girls to struggle with confidence, which means they fear failure \u2013 and failure comes part and parcel with succeeding in science.<\/p>\n

Fear of failure was something Dame Jocelyn used to push herself, telling the Guardian: \u201cI noticed [the signal] because I was being really careful, really thorough, because of impostor syndrome.\u201d And she told the BBC: “I found pulsars because I was a minority person and feeling a bit overawed at Cambridge. I was both female but also from the north-west of the country and I think everybody else around me was southern English.” Dame Jocelyn donated the \u00a32.3 million fund she received from the Breakthrough prize to help under-represented groups study physics.<\/p>\n

There\u2019s no better time than UN Day of Women and Girls in Science<\/a> to remind you that you are not an impostor \u2013 and there is no such thing as failure in science. After all, even a blip could turn out to be the most important astronomical discovery of a generation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Words \u2013 Hayley Cox<\/em><\/p>\n

Images \u2013 Tatiana T<\/a>, The University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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