{"id":436,"date":"2017-06-28T11:20:11","date_gmt":"2017-06-28T10:20:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/science-engineering\/?p=436"},"modified":"2023-06-21T09:30:00","modified_gmt":"2023-06-21T08:30:00","slug":"time-frank-nuclear","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/science-engineering\/2017\/06\/28\/time-frank-nuclear\/","title":{"rendered":"Why it\u2019s time to be frank about nuclear"},"content":{"rendered":"

In order for people to seriously consider nuclear as an alternative to fossil fuels, the industry needs to continue being open, honest and straightforward in its discourse.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s the conclusion of \u2018Making Sense of Nuclear\u2019, which is released today (June 28th<\/sup>\u00a0– download it here<\/a>). The new publication has been produced by Sense About Science with help from The University of Manchester\u2019s Dalton Nuclear Institute<\/a>, Imperial College London, National Nuclear Laboratory and Energy for Humanity.<\/p>\n

Stigma<\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

To tell the truth, there\u2019s a bit of a \u201cstigma\u201d attached to nuclear, as Professor Francis Livens, Director of Dalton Nuclear Institute, acknowledges. \u201cThe nuclear sector in the UK is one of the safest and most highly regulated industries in the world. But there is still a stigma attached to it, and that has to change,\u201d he points out.<\/p>\n

The thing is, while the nuclear industry was once renowned for its secrecy, a lot\u2019s changed. Today, the sector is very different. But, as the authors of the report admit, it\u2019s this history that has helped to create a certain amount of suspicion about the sector. If public opinion is to change, this sense of openness needs to continue.<\/p>\n

After all, there are those who feel nuclear power could be the answer to a low-carbon future. This includes a growing number of environmentalists, who believe that nuclear power could provide affordable energy without the greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n

But there remain concerns about nuclear\u2019s long-term effects on health, as well as how it is managed \u2013 particularly in light of events like 2011\u2019s Fukushima\u00a0Daiichi\u00a0nuclear disaster, which followed the T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami. The aim of the Making Sense of Nuclear report is to shed more light on these concerns. It provides details on the long-term safety record of nuclear power production. It also details the latest technological developments that have improved its efficiency and safety.<\/p>\n

What is nuclear fission?<\/h2>\n
\"\"
Geiger and Rutherford<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Before we go any further, now\u2019s probably a good time to talk about what nuclear power actually is. And it all started here in Manchester!<\/p>\n

Ernest Rutherford, the Nobel prize winner and former Chair of Physics at the Victoria University of Manchester (now The University of Manchester), is credited with being the first person to split the atom, in addition to numerous other atomic discoveries. Before this, it was widely believed that the atom was the smallest particle in existence, but Rutherford changed all that.<\/p>\n

Using the Rutherford-Geiger Detector, which he invented with Hans Geiger, Rutherford demonstrated that rather than an atom containing electrons held within a positive charge, it contained a nucleus made up of protons and neutrons. The majority of an atom\u2019s mass is concentrated within this nucleus, along with its positive charge. Rutherford made this discovery in Manchester \u2013 in his lab near Oxford Road.<\/p>\n

Thanks to this discovery and his later breakthroughs \u2013 which included splitting the atom \u2013 Rutherford is widely considered to be the father of nuclear physics. His work is the basis of today\u2019s nuclear power industry.<\/p>\n

When an atom is split, it releases a huge amount of energy. This is the basis of nuclear power. In a process known as nuclear fission, an isotope \u2013 which is the name given to an atom that has the normal number of protons and a different number of neutrons – is struck by a particle colliding with it at high speed. This causes the atom and its nucleus to split, which releases lots of energy.<\/p>\n

Nuclear power reactors use uranium atoms, and the energy released from the fission process heats water and generates electricity. Nuclear fission also produces neutrons, which go on to collide with other atoms, resulting in a chain reaction (watch this video<\/a> for a good demonstration of how chain reactions work). This chain reaction is controlled carefully within power stations, and the energy produced is safely regulated.<\/p>\n

The future of energy<\/h2>\n

Here are a few facts about nuclear:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Nuclear fission releases no CO2. None. It doesn\u2019t release any other air pollutants either.<\/li>\n
  • 1kg of uranium provides enough energy to power a home for 166 years. 1kg of coal would power that same home for just half a day.<\/li>\n
  • If all the electrical power you ever used \u2013 which, if you\u2019re anything like us, is quite a lot \u2013 was powered by nuclear, the resulting waste over the course of your lifetime would fit in one drinks can.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n

    It\u2019s figures like this that have made nuclear power a crucial contender in the on-going energy debate.<\/p>\n

    \u201cWe all \u2014 researchers, environmental groups, science bodies \u2014 have to press for a frank and up-to-date picture of how nuclear reactors and safety systems compare, and their changing costs and benefits,\u201d Prof Livens urges.<\/p>\n

    But the report\u2019s authors also want to be clear that the aim of the Making Sense of Nuclear initiative is not simply to promote nuclear power. Rather, Director of Sense About Science Tracey Brown explains that it is an up-to-date look at the industry. This is important if nuclear is to be part of the broader debate on energy generation.<\/p>\n

    Safe as bananas<\/h2>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    We can\u2019t talk about nuclear energy without addressing the health and safety impact. For many people, their top concern about a nuclear future is the long-term effect the resulting radiation could have on their health.<\/p>\n

    Radiation actually exists all around us. It can occur naturally, so it\u2019s been here a lot longer than nuclear power plants. The sun produces radiation, but so do rocks. And while manmade processes like x-rays and flying are sources of radiation, there are natural sources too \u2013 like Brazil nuts and even bananas!<\/p>\n

    Scientists measure radiation in millisieverts (mSv). The radiation dose linked to living near a nuclear power station for a year is just 0.01 mSv \u2013 that\u2019s less than taking a single transatlantic flight (0.08 mSv).<\/p>\n

    There is a limit in place as to how much exposure employees at nuclear plants can have each year (20 mSv). Great care and attention goes in to planning and building nuclear facilities to ensure that workers are safe.<\/p>\n

    Then there\u2019s the question of waste, and it\u2019s true \u2013 nuclear fission does produce nuclear waste. However, this is far less than the amount of harmful carbon dioxide waste the burning of fossil fuels generates. This may explain why so many environmentalists are now looking to nuclear as a serious alternative to coal, oil and gas.<\/p>\n

    High-level nuclear waste \u2013 which is the most radioactive \u2013 is converted into glass, which makes it chemically stable. This is currently housed in special storage facilities, but there are plans in place to build a geological disposal facility deep underground in the UK.<\/p>\n

    So, could the future be nuclear? Well, sharing up-to-date information and maintaining a policy of honesty and openness means it can certainly be part of the debate. As Prof Livens says: \u201cWhether we\u2019re open-minded opponents, reluctant accepters or strong advocates of using nuclear power, we need an open and honest discourse.\u201d<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Words – Hayley Cox<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    In order for people to seriously consider nuclear as an alternative to fossil fuels, the industry needs to continue being open, honest and straightforward in its discourse. That\u2019s the conclusion of \u2018Making Sense of Nuclear\u2019, which is released today (June 28th\u00a0– download it here). 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