{"id":5173,"date":"2023-02-02T11:25:51","date_gmt":"2023-02-02T11:25:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/science-engineering\/?p=5173"},"modified":"2023-06-21T09:15:16","modified_gmt":"2023-06-21T08:15:16","slug":"the-etymology-of-science-and-engineering-part-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/science-engineering\/2023\/02\/02\/the-etymology-of-science-and-engineering-part-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"The etymology of science and engineering \u2013 Part II"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Word up!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We recently brought you part one<\/a> of our look into the fascinating origins of words associated with the Faculty of Science and Engineering \u2013 and now we\u2019re back for part two.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inspired \u2013 you may recall \u2013 by popular podcast Something Rhymes with Purple<\/a>, we set out to learn more about the histories and meanings of words linked to our Faculty and, in particular, the names of our Departments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, we pick up the purple baton once more and enter the exciting \u2013 and often surprising \u2013 world of science and engineering etymology\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bright sparks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

You would be forgiven for assuming the word \u2018electrical\u2019 \u2013 forming, of course, part of the name of our Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering<\/a> \u2013 would be a relatively new word. I know we did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, many people attribute the \u2018invention\u2019 of electricity to Benjamin Franklin and his famous kite-flying experiments of 1752. And, it wasn\u2019t until the end of the Victorian period that electricity was more widely introduced into people\u2019s homes. Perhaps unsurprisingly, there remains much debate around the invention of electricity \u2013 and whether it could be \u2018invented\u2019 or \u2018discovered\u2019 at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The word \u2018electrical\u2019 can actually be traced back to the Ancient Greek word for \u2018amber\u2019 \u2013 \u2018elektron\u2019 \u2013 and may have come from the Phoenician word ‘el\u0113kr\u014fn’, meaning ‘shining light’. The amber part is significant \u2013 back in antiquity people knew that if you rubbed amber against certain substances, other light substances would be attracted to it (think of rubbing a balloon on your head and sticking it to your jumper!).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such electrical phenomena has been known for a long time, but it\u2019s only (relatively) recently that use of electricity, as we know and depend on it today, has been widespread.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The origin of the term \u2018electronic\u2019, meanwhile, relates more specifically to the study of electron behaviour and movement \u2013 with its first known use in 1902.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 + 2 = 5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Moving on to the Department of Mathematics<\/a> and it\u2019s back to Ancient Greece with the word \u2018mathema\u2019, which means \u2018what one gets to know\u2019 or \u2018that which is learnt\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was used by the Pythagoreans \u2013 founded by, you guessed it, Pythagoras \u2013 to coin the term \u2018mathematics\u2019 in the 6th century BC. This was when the study of mathematics as a demonstrative discipline first began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interestingly, not a great deal is known about Pythagoras or the Pythagoreans, despite the name being recognisable to many.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That renown, of course \u2013 and if you can remember from school days \u2013 is thanks to Pythagoras\u2019 theorem, which states that for all right-angled triangles, \u2018the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides\u2019. Ah yes, that\u2019s right<\/em>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Mum\u2019s the word<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Next up, the Department of Materials<\/a>. The Latin root word for \u2018materials \u2013 \u2018matr\u2019 \u2013 means \u2018mother\u2019 (in the sense of \u2018source\u2019) and, interestingly, is also the word origin of \u2018matriarch\u2019 and \u2018matter\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Latin word \u2018materia\u2019 links to \u2018wood\u2019 and \u2018substance\u2019. While \u2018material\u2019, as we use it today, relates to goods and substances used to make something, the similar word \u2018materiel\u2019 refers more specifically to military equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Good to shed light on the matter!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All Greek to me<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Motoring on to the Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering<\/a> and the word \u2018mechanical\u2019 comes from the Greek \u2018mekhana\u2019 (with links also to Middle English, Old French and Latin).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It means \u2018trick\u2019 or \u2018expedient\u2019 of nature, while the term \u2018mech\u2019 also derives from Greek and is linked to \u2018instrument\u2019 or \u2018tool\u2019. Today, of course, it\u2019s widely used in words such as \u2018machinery\u2019 and \u2018mechanic\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We get \u2018aerospace\u2019 from the joining of \u2018aero\u2019 and \u2018space\u2019, deriving from the words \u2018aeronautics\u2019 and \u2018spacefilght\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Aero\u2019 takes us back to the Ancient Greek \u2018aeros\u2019, meaning \u2018air\u2019, while the origin of \u2018space\u2019 leads us to the Latin word \u2018spatium\u2019, which means \u2018expanse\u2019 or \u2018room\u2019. While \u2018space\u2019 today has many meanings, it was first used in reference to \u2018outer space\u2019 in the 17th century \u2013 in poet John Milton\u2019s epic work Paradise Lost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quite fitting, we\u2019d say, that something so huge, so vast, should originate in a work concerning the weighty, biblical story of Adam and Eve, Satan and the Fall of Man!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Latin root word for \u2018civil\u2019 \u2013 \u2018civilis\u2019 \u2013 meanwhile, means both \u2018relating to a citizen\u2019 and \u2018courteous\u2019, and has associations with the Old English terms \u2018h\u012bwen\u2019, meaning \u2018household\u2019, and \u2018h\u012br\u01e3den\u2019, meaning \u2018family\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Silhouettes<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Written in the stars<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

We\u2019re back to Ancient Greece for the origin of \u2018physics\u2019 (Department of Physics and Astronomy<\/a>), where the word \u2018phusis\u2019 meant \u2018nature\u2019, or \u2018knowledge of nature\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Astronomy\u2019, however, is a little more complex. Its history is entwined with a word that might sound similar, but the meaning of which \u2013 today, at least \u2013 is very different: ‘astrology’.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both share Greek roots with the prefix \u2018astro\u2019, meaning \u2018star\u2019. But while the suffix \u2018ology\u2019 in \u2018astrology\u2019 \u2013 the belief system claiming human affairs correlate with the positions of celestial objects, perhaps most commonly associated with the reading of horoscopes \u2013 refers to \u2018study of\u2019, the suffix \u2018onomy\u2019 means \u2018management\u2019 or \u2018measurement\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s also found in words such as \u2018economy\u2019 and \u2018gastronomy\u2019, and relates to the \u2018ordering\u2019, \u2018arranging\u2019 or, indeed, \u2018management\u2019 of the stars. Pretty neat, huh?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Word to the wise<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

And that, rather neatly, brings us to the end of our dissection of science and engineering etymology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s fascinating \u2013 and important \u2013 to consider the origins of the subjects we study and the topics we research. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, the past has helped shape the present, and what we learn and discover today will shape the future… a future yet to be written. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Words: Joe Shervin
Images: The University of Manchester, Shutterstock<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be sure to subscribe on our homepage<\/a> to keep up to date with all the latest posts from The Hub.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

We return for part two of our captivating look at the weird and wonderful origins of words associated with the Faculty of Science and Engineering.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":202,"featured_media":5174,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[212,213],"tags":[216,130,174,217,219],"class_list":{"0":"post-5173","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-heritage","8":"category-uom-life","9":"tag-electrical-and-electronic-engineering","10":"tag-materials","11":"tag-mathematics","12":"tag-mechanical-aerospace-and-civil-engineering","13":"tag-physics-and-astronomy","14":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nThe 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