{"id":927,"date":"2018-02-28T11:55:31","date_gmt":"2018-02-28T11:55:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/science-engineering\/?p=927"},"modified":"2023-06-21T09:28:19","modified_gmt":"2023-06-21T08:28:19","slug":"new-predator-shows-teeth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/science-engineering\/2018\/02\/28\/new-predator-shows-teeth\/","title":{"rendered":"New predator shows its teeth"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fuxianhuiid \u2013 it may not be simple to say but these ancient arthropods have always seemed like pretty simple animals in all other respects. However, things aren’t always what they seem and the discovery of a new type of fuxianhuiid has provided a valuable insight into how predators evolved.<\/p>\n

A team of scientists including Dr David Legg from the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/a> examined the fossilised creature \u2013 which is named Alacaris mirabilis and is the first of its kind to be found \u2013 and discovered that it had limbs positioned under its head. Fascinatingly, these appendages featured gnathobases (that\u2019s teeth to you and me), suggesting that the arthropod was a predator.<\/p>\n

An explosion of life<\/h2>\n

\"cambrian<\/p>\n

To get a grip on the importance of this discovery, you have to travel back in time. Way back \u2013 500 million years to be slightly more precise – to the Cambrian period. This was the time of the \u2018Cambrian explosion\u2019 when life forms began to rapidly evolve and the earliest ancestors of the animals alive today took shape (literally).<\/p>\n

Alacaris mirabilis and its fuxianhuiid buddies are recognisable to us today only because they are among the first creatures to leave fossilised remains. However, the amount of information scientists can get from these fossils depends on multiple factors \u2013 like which way the animal was facing when it died.<\/p>\n

Not only is this recently-discovered fossil (which was dug up in Xiaoshiba in South-West China) remarkably well preserved, but it is also positioned upside down. This meant scientists could see and examine its limbs and nervous system, which allowed them to make an interesting discovery.<\/p>\n

A discovery with bite<\/h2>\n
\"Alacaris-mirabilis\"
Alacaris mirabilis depicted in a painting by Dr David Legg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fuxianhuiid, like all known animals at the time, lived in the water. It was believed they scrabbled along the seabed, with the movement of their limbs stirring food up, which then floated into their mouths. Known as \u2018mud grubbers\u2019, they might occasionally eat smaller animals, but it was thought this was unintentional.<\/p>\n

However, the new fossil clearly features gnathobases on the appendages by its head. These are common in arthropods and allow them to either carry or eat food \u2013 think of the mandibles on an insect.<\/p>\n

These appendages suggest that Fuxianhuiid could have been active hunters or eaten carcasses much larger.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dr Legg, who is a Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw Research Fellow at the University, explains why the discovery of these gnathobases is so important. \u201cIt suggests a sophisticated mode of predatory feeding. Previously, Fuxianhuiid were considered mud-grubbers that may have accidently eaten the occasional tiny animal. However, these appendages suggest that, in reality, they could have been active hunters or eaten carcasses much larger.<\/p>\n

\u201cFuxianhuiids pre-date the last common ancestor of all modern arthropods, so this novel ecological exploration may have been crucial for the origin and proliferation of this group, which is now the most abundant phylum [category] on Earth today,\u201d Dr Legg continues.<\/p>\n

As a result, the fossil represents one of the earliest examples we have of a sophisticated predator.<\/p>\n

Arthopods are invertebrate animals that have a segmented body with an exoskeleton and paired jointed appendages. The phylum of Arthopoda that they fall under is the largest in the animal kingdom, so insights into how they evolved are extremely valuable and can provide an understanding of why the creatures are so successful today. Arthropods sharing the world with us now include butterflies, crabs, scorpions and spiders<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Extinction event<\/h2>\n

\"cambrian<\/p>\n

The Cambrian period kicked off the Paleozoic Era of Earth\u2019s history, when life in the form of soft-shelled animals was emerging and there was an \u2018explosion\u2019 of diversity. However, this period also marked the planet\u2019s largest ever mass extinction event \u2013 far greater than the extinction that killed off the dinosaurs. The event, which had a devastating impact on the life that resided at the time (including trilobites \u2013 another early group of arthropod), is thought to have been caused by the temperature of the planet cooling and the sea levels dropping.<\/p>\n

We are currently living through what some call the \u2018Sixth Extinction\u2019 or \u2018Holocene Extinction\u2019. This is the ongoing loss of species of both animals and plants. And the cause? Well, we\u2019re afraid to say it\u2019s us.<\/p>\n

The reason this era is regarded as a time of extinction is that the rate at which species are dying out is many, many times higher than that which is considered natural. This period started with the wiping out of large land animals like the mammoth (thought to have been hunted into extinction) and continues today because of humans eating meat, over fishing and polluting the oceans, in addition to the sheer volume of people on Earth encroaching on the habitats of other creatures.<\/p>\n

So it seems we\u2019re not actually that different to the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs when it comes to the threat we present to life on Earth. Time will tell if humans are a greater match for arthropods than the rise and fall of oxygen levels, the climate change and the asteroid hits that have come before. Let\u2019s hope not.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Words \u2013 <\/em>Hayley Cox<\/p>\n

Images \u2013 <\/em>Helen M<\/a><\/p>\n

Dr David Legg<\/p>\n

dwlen<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fuxianhuiid \u2013 it may not be simple to say but these ancient arthropods have always seemed like pretty simple animals in all other respects. However, things aren’t always what they seem and the discovery of a new type of fuxianhuiid has provided a valuable insight into how predators evolved. A team of scientists including Dr […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":160,"featured_media":932,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[210,337,211],"tags":[100,338,101,215,98,36],"class_list":{"0":"post-927","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-departments","8":"category-dinosaurs","9":"category-research-impact-and-institutes","10":"tag-cambrian","11":"tag-dinosaurs","12":"tag-discovery","13":"tag-earth-and-environmental-sciences","14":"tag-fossil","15":"tag-science","16":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nNew predator shows its teeth - Science and Engineering<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/science-engineering\/2018\/02\/28\/new-predator-shows-teeth\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New predator shows its teeth - Science and Engineering\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Fuxianhuiid \u2013 it may not be simple to say but these ancient arthropods have always seemed like pretty simple animals in all other respects. 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