{"id":1144,"date":"2020-08-17T13:37:50","date_gmt":"2020-08-17T12:37:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/sees\/?p=1144"},"modified":"2020-08-17T14:47:41","modified_gmt":"2020-08-17T13:47:41","slug":"research-roundup-measuring-volcanic-emissions-of-sulphur-dioxide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/sees\/2020\/08\/17\/research-roundup-measuring-volcanic-emissions-of-sulphur-dioxide\/","title":{"rendered":"Research Roundup: measuring volcanic emissions of sulphur dioxide"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Professor Mike Burton and PhD student Ben Esse from the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences are contributing authors to <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2020.107000\">a new article<\/a> titled, &#8216;<span class=\"title-text\">iFit: A simple method for measuring volcanic SO<sub>2<\/sub> without a measured Fraunhofer referenc<\/span><\/em><em><span class=\"title-text\">e spectrum&#8217;. Ben told us more about their research which provides insights into magmatic processes and monitoring volcanic activity.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1148\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_1148\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1148 size-uom-post-size\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/sees\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/76\/2020\/08\/Ben-Esse-Research-Roundup-cropped-768x494.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"494\" \/><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_1148\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Masaya volcano, in Nicaragua, with the gas plume visible as the red-tinged gas rising from the crater. Volcanic emissions from this volcano impact the local residents around Masaya, damaging buildings and killing some crops. Monitoring the flux of SO2 is important in understanding these impacts.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>We have created a new tool to help volcanologists to measure volcanic SO<sub>2<\/sub> fluxes easily and accurately. Measuring the flux of SO<sub>2<\/sub> is an important monitoring tool for volcanologists, as well as a way of helping to determine volcanic processes, so it is important that these measurements are as accurate as possible. Together with colleagues from the Italian National Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) and the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ), we have created a software tool that could help to make these measurements easier to do and more accurate than existing methods.<\/p>\n<h2>Article Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>Accurate quantification of the emission rate of sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2<\/sub>) from volcanoes provides both insights into magmatic processes and a powerful monitoring tool for hazard mitigation. The primary method for measuring magmatic SO<sub>2<\/sub> is Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) of UV scattered sunlight spectra, in which a reference spectrum taken outside the plume is used to quantify the SO<sub>2<\/sub> slant column density inside the plume. This can lead to problems if the reference spectrum is contaminated with SO<sub>2<\/sub> as this will result in a systematic underestimation of the retrieved SO<sub>2<\/sub> slant column density, and therefore emission rate. We present a new analysis method, named \u201ciFit\u201d, which retrieves the SO<sub>2<\/sub> slant column density from UV spectra by directly fitting the measured intensity spectrum at high spectral resolution (0.01\u202fnm) using a literature solar reference spectrum and measured instrument characteristics. This eliminates the requirement for a measured reference spectrum, providing a \u201cpoint and shoot\u201d method for quantifying SO<sub>2<\/sub> slant column densities. We show that iFit retrieves correct SO<sub>2<\/sub> slant column densities in a series of test cases, finding agreement with existing methods. We propose that iFit is suitable for both traverse measurements and permanent scanning stations and could be integrated into volcano monitoring networks at observatories. Finally, we provide an open source software implementation of iFit with a user-friendly graphical interface to allow users to easily utilise iFit.<\/p>\n<p>Ben Esse, Mike, Burton, Matthew Varnam, Ryunosuke Kazahaya and Giuseppe Salerno, <em>&#8216;<span class=\"title-text\">iF<\/span><span class=\"title-text\">it: A simple method for measuring volcanic SO<\/span><span class=\"title-text\"><sub>2<\/sub> without a measured Fraunhofer referenc<\/span><\/em><em><span class=\"title-text\">e spectrum&#8217;<\/span><\/em> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2020.107000\">Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,<\/a> <\/em>402 (2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2020.107000\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2020.107000<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Professor Mike Burton and PhD student Ben Esse from the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences are contributing authors to a new article titled, &#8216;iFit: A simple method for measuring volcanic SO2 without a measured Fraunhofer reference spectrum&#8217;. Ben told us more about their research which provides insights into magmatic processes and monitoring volcanic activity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":216,"featured_media":1148,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[437,439,64,384,440,438,435,436,441,434,67,56],"class_list":{"0":"post-1144","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-research-and-impact","8":"tag-hazard-mitigation","9":"tag-ifit","10":"tag-mass-spectrometry","11":"tag-remote-sensing","12":"tag-scanning","13":"tag-slant-column-densities","14":"tag-software","15":"tag-sulphur-dioxide","16":"tag-uv-spectroscopy","17":"tag-volcanic-monitoring","18":"tag-volcanic-processes","19":"tag-volcanology","20":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Research Roundup: measuring volcanic emissions of sulphur dioxide - Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk\/sees\/2020\/08\/17\/research-roundup-measuring-volcanic-emissions-of-sulphur-dioxide\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Research Roundup: measuring volcanic emissions of sulphur dioxide - Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Professor Mike Burton and PhD student Ben Esse from the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences are contributing authors to a new article titled, &#039;iFit: A simple method for measuring volcanic SO2 without a measured Fraunhofer reference spectrum&#039;. 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